The Hydro-Politics of Green, Blue, Virtual Water and Water Footprint in the Nile Basin
摘要
Global water stress has increased along with the water demand created by rapid population growth and climate change with the commodity price of water increasing. Currently, the Eastern Nile is facing increased tensions over the Nile water use triggered by the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) which challenges the full Nile waters self-appropriation by Egypt and Sudan. Dam filling and operation plan negotiation between Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan so far has proved difficult because mainly Egypt is trying to preserve current status in a convoluted way. The current position of Egypt and Sudan is to protect their unilateral agreement of the full use of the Nile water. Egypt’s proposals are focused on using drought terms to commit Ethiopia to release minimum annual flows from its reservoir that Egypt perceives its share as shown in the 2019/2020 Washington D.C. draft agreement. But now a new direction of argument is using green, blue, and virtual water to implicitly include rainfall in the Nile basin countries, ground waters, lakes, agricultural practices and import and exports of agricultural products in a formula for equitable water sharing. Stretching the physical domain of transboundary basins is crossing into sovereign interests of riparian countries where only water is presented as a global resource to share. Clear understanding of the domain of transboundary waters is critical for fair and equitable sharing of water. If rainfall over the Nile basin is to be shared, all other resources such as oil, gas, and access to the ocean should also be considered for sharing.