An example for regional wetland drainage and hydro-ecological impacts, the Everglades in the USA, is presented in Chap. 9 . It has shown impacts of draining wetlands on the water quality, ecology, and hydrology of a region and can be a lesson for Sudd marshes. The prevailing and worsening regional Nile basin water stress will not be resolved by a small increase of White Nile flow from draining the Sudd marshes. The drainage will impact water quality, ecology, and hydroclimate. Drainage will reduce the carbon and nutrient sequestration service of the marshes. The carbon credit value of the Sudd needs to be evaluated for South Sudan to encourage and preserve the marshes. If drained, the change in fractionation of solar energy will be in favor of sensible heat affecting the regional rain machine and warmer and drier environments will be frequent. The southward expansion of the Sahara is reaching close to the Sudd swamps. The Sudd marsh in the Nile River basin is in a fragile climate region where evapotranspiration is twice as much as rainfall, and aridity is expanding from the north with a threat of drainage. Drainage of wetlands exposes the peat soil for soil oxidation, subsidence, and peat fire during drought releasing carbon to the atmosphere and nutrients and metals to the surrounding water body. The lives of inhabitants, fauna, and flora will be impacted with incalculable ecological damage from drainage of the Sudd marsh.