Population explosion is one of the burning issues for a resource scare country like India and it has forced farmers, scientists, and policymaker to think other than traditional ways to feed the humongous population. Use of conventional fertilizer doesn’t look viable as it has led to multi-nutrient deficient soil, low nutrients use efficiency, and coupled with several other problems. In last few decades, nanotechnology has extended their multifaceted application in agriculture, including nano herbicides, nano-pesticides, and other agrochemicals. Nanofertilizer is not a new concept and it has been in application due to its higher use efficiency, low cost, and avoidance of the negative aspects of traditional fertilizer. The prime aim of this chapter is to discuss comprehensively the role of nanofertilizers in enhancing the crop productivity, underlying the mechanism of its uptake, and fortifying the crop with essential nutrients. Nanofertilizer has proven effective in increasing crop yield and productivity under diverse soil system and agro-climatic conditions in a sustainable way.