At the national level, the level of air pollution (especially in the big cities) is above the permissible limits. This undesirable reality affects the health of the inhabitants and the state of the environment—furthermore, the high level of atmospheric pollution causes a series of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. It is important to pay more attention to the actions taken to identify sources of air pollution and their chemical composition, as well as to establish measures to monitor and reduce these pollutants. The city of Alba Iulia was chosen for the evaluation of air quality in urban agglomerations due to being one of the cities in Romania with a rich and ancient history that has undergone an extraordinary economic, social, and cultural transformation in the past 15 years. To carry out the determinations, points were established in representative areas of the city in terms of traffic intensity, large flow of children and adults to and from schools, kindergartens, and hospitals. Measurements took place in two representative periods of the year, spring, and autumn, resulting in the determination of the amount of fine material particles in the atmosphere, as well as a series of gaseous compounds emitted mainly by motor vehicles. In the period 2016–2023 it appears that no studies of this scope were carried out in Alba-Iulia, regarding the level of pollutant emissions from road vehicles. Our contribution covers the research gap on the polluting factors in the city and can help the competent authorities in the implementation of the necessary measures. Finally, some current and future directions of action were evoked in order to reduce the level of pollution caused by emissions.