Environmental contamination has significantly increased when wastewater containing synthetic colors from the textile industry is discharged. These dyes pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. For resolving this problem, research has focused on developing sustainable and efficient methods for dye degradation. Biopolymers and polymeric nanoparticles have emerged as promising materials for dye degradation purpose. This abstract focuses on an overview of the research to investigate the effect of biopolymers and polymeric nanoparticles on dye degradation. Biopolymers, such as chitosan and alginate, have inherent biodegradability and low toxicity, making them eco-friendly options for dye removal. Additionally, polymeric nanoparticles, due to their high surface area and tunable properties, offer excellent adsorption and catalytic capabilities for dye degradation. To carry out this, various biopolymers and polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized, and their adsorption abilities for different synthetic dyes and their catalytic activities were evaluated. The use of biopolymers, when changed or combined with polymeric nanoparticles, will exhibit enhanced dye removal efficiency compared to traditional adsorbents. Moreover, incorporating catalysts into the polymeric nanoparticles improved the dyes’ degradation kinetics. This synergistic approach provided an effective and environmentally friendly strategy for dye degradation in wastewater treatment. The research findings underscore the potential of biopolymers and polymeric nanoparticles as sustainable alternatives for dye removal and degradation, contributing to the reduction of environmental pollution. These innovative materials hold promise for future applications in water treatment processes, emphasizing the importance of further exploration and optimization to address the challenges of dye pollution in a sustainable and efficient manner.