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During the repeated melting and cooling of (initially) powder material in powder bed based additive manufacturing (AM), high temperatures and large temperature gradients arise. These lead to thermal expansion and contraction of the material, for both metals and polymers and to shrinkage during crystallization in the case of semi-crystalline polymers. The heterogeneous temperature field, temperature-dependent mechanical behavior, and heterogeneous crystallization result in warpage and residual stresses during powder bed fusion (PBF).

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Macroscopic Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization

  • 章节

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Christian Burkhardt,
  • Dominic Soldner,
  • Paul Steinmann,
  • Julia Mergheim

摘要

During the repeated melting and cooling of (initially) powder material in powder bed based additive manufacturing (AM), high temperatures and large temperature gradients arise. These lead to thermal expansion and contraction of the material, for both metals and polymers and to shrinkage during crystallization in the case of semi-crystalline polymers. The heterogeneous temperature field, temperature-dependent mechanical behavior, and heterogeneous crystallization result in warpage and residual stresses during powder bed fusion (PBF).