Research on oracle bone inscription image retrieval is important for applications in academic and cultural heritage areas. The current oracle bone dataset faces problems such as the low similarity between the same category, the high similarity between the different categories, and imbalanced sample distribution. In addition, due to the complex background of oracle bone images, existing network models have certain limitations in extracting image features. To address these challenges, this study first adopts a Siamese network-based image retrieval method to learn feature representations of similar and dissimilar images. Subsequently, the existing dataset was partitioned, providing a practical and usable retrieval dataset for the oracle bone image retrieval field. Finally, an improved network model based on ResNet is proposed and integrated into the Siamese network framework. The model achieves the highest retrieval MP and MAP values of 83.26% and 90.68%, respectively, which is better than the current research.