Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), particularly HTLV-1, is transmitted predominantly through blood transfusions, contaminated needles, sexual intercourse, and breastfeeding. It is most prevalent in Japan, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. HTLV is associated with diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). Mother-to-child transmission, particularly via breast milk, represents a significant route of infection. Diagnosis is primarily achieved through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibody detection; currently, no cure exists. Preventive measures encompass screening in high-risk areas, discouraging breastfeeding by infected mothers, and utilizing condoms to avert sexually transmitted infections. A minority of infected individuals develop symptoms, while the majority remain asymptomatic.