Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) culminates in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This global pandemic has approximately 35 million individuals infected, significantly affecting sub-Saharan Africa. Acute HIV infection typically presents with symptoms resembling mononucleosis, followed by a latency period during which opportunistic infections may arise. In the AIDS stage (stage C), severe infections and malignancies occur. Diagnosis is established through the detection of antibodies, antigens, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The primary objective of therapy is to achieve complete suppression of HIV replication, which is accomplished through a combination of various classes of antiviral drugs. Pregnant women are provided with specific recommendations to minimize mother-to-child transmission of the virus. HIV screening during pregnancy has been implemented in many developed countries. Since no effective HIV vaccine is currently available, exposure prophylaxis remains a critical intervention.