This chapter begins by defining the parameters of CBT and related talk-based therapies as distinguished from other behavioral interventions for individuals with autism. CBT treatments are based on cognitive science models of behavior, emotion, and thought (e.g., Brewin, Behav Res Ther 44(6):765–784, 2006, Eur J Psychotraumatol 6(1):27180, 2015, Curr Psychiatry Rep 20(10):1–8, 2018). Conceptualized in information-processing terms, CBT aims to promote retrievable memories of adaptive responses that can successfully compete with and suppress memories of previously learned maladaptive responses evoked under “real-world” conditions outside the therapy office. CBT methods used to achieve this include psychoeducation, collaborative discussions to build awareness of thoughts and emotions and related coping skills, and behavioral experimentation in which alternative responses to challenging situations are attempted in real-world settings and then reflected upon in structured discussions to build up potent memories of adaptive patterns of thought and behavior for future use in similar situations.