The current neuroscientific understanding of neural and mental functions is predominantly oriented towards the modular concepts of information technology. One aspect that is largely pushed into the background is the evaluation of brain function from an evolutionary point of view. The theoretical concepts of various scientific disciplines summarized in this book are largely based on evolutionary or hierarchical principles that can be applied to both neural and mental functions. The beginnings of this approach go back to the philosopher Herbert Spencer, who introduced an explanatory model for the phylogeny and pathologies of the brain with the concepts of evolution and dissolution. Hughlings Jackson found in the neurological symptoms of his patients Spencer´s principle of dissolution of the nervous system confirmed. From this point of view, cerebral lesions (dissolution) provide an insight into the phylogenetic development (evolution) of the brain. For Jackson, evolution represents a process from a state of the highest to the lowest organization, whereby he uses the term organization to describe the extent of the prefabricated automatic connections between the neural units. The validity of the hierarchical organization of the brain postulated by Jackson is largely confirmed by modern neurological research. Hierarchical principles of organization can be proven in the motor and somatosensory system, but also in the visual system.