This paper examines the impact of VR (Virtual Reality)-based safety training on safety awareness, safety behavior, and accident prevention. It also investigates the mediating effects of safety awareness and safety behavior in the relationship between VR-based safety training and accident prevention. To achieve the research objectives, responses from 957 safety managers and workers who participated in the ‘Mobile VR Safety Experience Support’ program, promoted by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 20.0. The results showed that VR-based safety training has a significant positive (+) impact on safety awareness, safety behavior, and accident prevention. Additionally, safety awareness has a significant positive (+) impact on safety behavior and accident prevention, and safety behavior has a significant positive (+) impact on accident prevention. Furthermore, safety awareness and safety behavior were found to mediate the relationship between safety training and accident prevention. The findings also confirmed the existence of multiple mediating effects, as VR-based safety training enhances workers’ safety awareness, improves safety behavior, and subsequently influences accident prevention. Based on these findings, the implications, limitations of the study, and directions for future research were discussed.