Climate change poses unprecedented challenges to ecosystems and human societies worldwide, necessitating innovative approaches to enhance resilience. Ecosystem services, the benefits humans derive from ecosystems, are crucial in bolstering resilience against climate impacts. This paper introduces a theoretical framework for understanding how ecosystem services contribute to climate resilience. It synthesizes existing literature on ecosystem services and resilience, highlighting key concepts such as provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. The framework integrates ecological, social, and economic dimensions, emphasizing the interconnectedness between natural and human systems. This framework aims to inform policy and management strategies for climate adaptation by elucidating the mechanisms through which ecosystem services enhance resilience. Case studies illustrating the framework’s application underscore its practical utility in diverse socio-ecological contexts. Ultimately, this theoretical foundation provides a basis for further research and action to promote sustainable development in the face of climate change.