Neurological infections caused by viruses can provide acute and chronic diseases such as encephalitis, meningitis, flaccid paralysis, and more. These infections rely on the immunization status and age of the population, and most treatments are only supportive due to the substantial obstacle presented by the blood–brain barrier in combating these diseases. The most significant neurological sequelae of viral infections include encephalitis, meningitis, flaccid paralysis, panencephalitis, aseptic meningitis, leukoencephalopathy, encephalomyelitis, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Understanding the pathogenesis of these infectious diseases and related vaccine technologies and attitudes is crucial in promoting disease reduction. Discovering innovative systems will promote the expansion of new advances for combatting viral infections while ensuring constancy, safety, and the capacity to provoke robust and adequate immune responses at low doses. Vaccination has benefited millions of individuals in combatting, controlling, and eliminating infections. However, many current vaccines have limitations such as pathogenicity and the need for adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity. Nanoparticle-based vaccines offer a significant improvement in immunity and health by containing adjuvants and antigens in single particles with improved efficiency, enhancing targeted delivery for increased vaccine effectiveness. Nanoparticles can be made from metals, lipids, inorganic particles, proteins, and polymers, with varying biochemical content, biodegradability, biocompatibility, particle size, and immunization properties that make them ideal for achieving desired immune responses at the cellular level. In summary, this chapter focuses on the significance of nanoparticle technology-based vaccine formulations and their applications for effective vaccine delivery to induce preferential and efficient host immunity in neuronal infectious diseases, overcoming the limitations of current vaccines.