Global health often faces challenges due to various health risks associated with infectious diseases. In addition, the contribution of the livestock sector towards global food security is often compromised due to various animal infectious diseases. The emergence of new pathogens or existing pathogens with altered genetic makeup or pathogenicity results in a huge morbidity, mortality and/or loss of production in animals. African swine fever virus (ASFV), one of the major porcine pathogens and a member of the Asfarviridae family, causes huge mortality in affected swine herds. ASF is emerging in many South-East as well as South-Asian countries including the Indian subcontinent as a major porcine pathogen resulting in huge mortality in affected herds. Control of ASF is a major challenge worldwide due to lack of ideal effective vaccines. This chapter discusses the pathobiology of ASFV as well as recent progress in the development of diagnostics for ASF, diagnosis in the affected porcine population and advances in vaccine development for control of the ailment.