Modern industries are subject to a number of trends that affect businesses strongly. Those trends whose impact is significant are referred to as megatrends. Such megatrends include the concept of Industry 4.0, which has been strongly popularised since 2011. This new concept is described in nine pillars, which are the constructs of smart manufacturing, or smart factory. However, to build (create) smart solutions, it is first necessary to invest heavily in digitisation and automation, which have received significant support from robots in recent years in line with this direction of change. This chapter describes the challenges of industrial transformation in the following order, first automation of operations and robotisation, then digitisation of industry and finally the assumptions of Industry 4.0, which, after the COVID-19 pandemic, were reinforced by the strategic directions of Industry 5.0.