Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

An adequate hydration status is essential for homeostasis and life. Age changes and related limitation of fluid homeostasis put older population, and especially, frail patients, at increased risk of adverse events. This balance becomes even more precarious and unstable during the stress of surgery. It is necessary to prevent and to treat timely and quickly clinical complications such as hypotonicity and hypertonicity, hyperkalemia, and volume depletion in frail patients undergoing surgery.