Conversion Technologies: Overview and Principles

Algal biomass conversion into biofuels involves several advanced technologies that optimize the production of renewable energy. Key conversion technologies include chemical, biochemical, and thermal processes, each playing a vital role in transforming algal biomass into usable biofuels. Chemical and biochemical conversion methods, such as transesterification and fermentation, are widely used to convert algal lipids and carbohydrates into biodiesel and bioethanol, respectively. Thermal conversion techniques, including pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal liquefaction, apply heat to decompose algal biomass into bio-oil, syngas, or other energy-rich products. The integration of these conversion technologies enhances the economic viability and energy efficiency of algal biofuel production. This chapter covers chemical, biochemical, and thermal conversion methods used to transform algal biomass into various biofuels, focusing on their applications in sustainable bioenergy production.