Liberation from Mechanical Ventilator: Art and Science of Weaning and Winning
摘要
Invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) is essential to improve patients with all types of respiratory failure, as being invasive, it is not free of complications. Hence, early weaning and extubation are preferred. The weaning process delays the disconnection from the ventilator; hence, more recently, the term “liberation from mechanical ventilator” is preferred as it is early, takes less time, and is more organized. The liberation from MV is a three-step or stages process. The first step is checking the patient and ventilator parameters for readiness to wean from the MV, which includes clinical parameters ranging from improvement in patient condition requiring MV to the ability to breathe. Various respiratory indexes are proposed, but none is practical and cumbersome to use. Respiratory rate is a sensitive indicator of readiness. The second step is weaning strategies, and daily spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) is preferred as it decreases the weaning time. If the patient is not tolerating SBT easily, he should be shifted back to full supportive ventilation. The SIMV and PS weaning prolong the process; hence, they went out of practice. Newer automatic modes of weaning ASV and ATC have some evidence but need more validating studies. In T-piece, weaning patients either swim or sink. The weaning trial should be continued, with the spontaneous awakening trial (SAT) having more success. Before the patient’s final third step or extubation, it is advisable to prevent the development of post-extubation stridor and respiratory failure by a leak test. Ultrasonography, or POCUS, shows promising results in detecting laryngeal edema, diaphragmatic dysfunction, and intercostal muscle thickness. Although it is not specific, the presence of secretions can show no leak. It is advisable to use steroids in these patients without a leak. Methyleproidnisolone in multiple doses looks to be effective. The causes of weaning failure range from persisting intubation and ventilation etiology to malnutrition, airway secretion, and weak cough, which should be taken care of.