Ménière’s Disease

Ménière’s disease (MD) is a notable contributor to peripheral vestibular disorders, accounting for 10–13% of cases of peripheral vertigo. Characterized by sudden vertigo attacks, unilateral hearing loss (HL), tinnitus, and aural fullness, MD presents diagnostic challenges due to its episodic nature. With an estimated prevalence of 50–200 per 100,000 adults, MD predominantly affects Caucasians and peaks between the ages of 40 and 60, with a female preponderance. Pathologically, endolymphatic hydrops (EH) is a hallmark, although the exact pathophysiology remains elusive. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have allowed visualization of endolymphatic hydrops, aiding in diagnosis. Treatment focuses on reducing the severity and frequency, often involving dietary and lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in severe cases, surgical intervention. However, diagnostic limitations remain, prompting the exploration of novel imaging and genetic-immunological approaches. This chapter provides an overview of MD, from clinical presentation to contemporary management, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches guided by evolving diagnostic knowledge.