Listening to music can positively affect cognition and mobility, influence adherence to training programs, psychophysical and physiological responses, and improve performance. Contributing to the better health status of the elderly is very important, and muscular strength plays a fundamental role in improving physical function and functional capacity. This study aimed to analyze the effect of music on muscle strength production in institutionalized elderly. Twenty-four people (84.21 ± 6.08 years) were recruited according to the eligibility criteria. Then, participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (EG, n = 12) and a control group (CG, n = 12). Both groups measured muscle strength in the upper and lower limbs using a handheld dynamometer and the 30-s sit-to-stand test (baseline). EG performed handgrip strength measurements and the 30-s sit-to-stand test while listening to motivational music, and CG performed both tests without listening to music (t1). After a washout period of 2 days, the groups were crossed to perform the same assessments. Differences between groups were found when analyzing the difference between baseline and t1 data of the muscle strength in lower limbs (EG = 1.08; CG = 0.17 repetitions, p = 0.004), in the grip strength of the dominant hand (EG = 0.792KgF; CG = −0.396 KgF, p < 0.001) and non-dominant hand (EG = 0.632KgF; CG = −0.217KgF, p = 0.003). Within EG, the muscle strength in the upper and lower limbs increased from baseline to t1 (p < 0.05). Listening to motivational music positively affects muscle strength production in older people's upper and lower limbs. Therefore, we suggest future studies that include music in clinical interventions to investigate whether music influences recovery and improves the health status of older people.