Operation of Transformers and Shunt Reactors

This chapter provides guidance on different aspects of the operation of transformers and shunt reactors. Different aspects of special interest for this chapter include energisation of both transformers and shunt reactors; parallel operation of transformers with slight differences in ratio or impedance or both; voltage regulation for two- and three-winding transformers; over-excitation for transformers, including phase-shifting transformers, and shunt reactors; effects of dc magnetisation on transformers; and effects of harmonics in the load current on transformers.