Industry 4.0: Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems for the Implementation of Pedagogical Factory Digital Twin

The integration of Industry 4.0 solutions needs interoperability, thereby ensuring seamless communication among components, devices, and applications across companies, industrial sectors, and countries. Therefore, developing applications for Industry 4.0 requires adherence to specific standards to ensure this interoperability. In this article, we explore the various concepts of the Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, including their architectures and models, which will enable us to identify the standards and development workflow for implementing a digital twin for a pedagogical factory. The study covers Internet of Things concepts and components, 5C, and IEC 62264/ISA 95 architectures, RAMI4.0, and IMSA models.