In the social environment of an aging population, the demand for medical care is increasing, and the impact of mobile medicine on medical staff, patients, and the quality of care is becoming increasingly important. However, in the context of limited medical resources, how to effectively assist patients to control dietary intake and improve the deterioration of renal function so as to avoid the progression to end-stage renal disease has become an important issue. This study combined scientific and technological services with dietary education to build an augmented reality application platform of dietary guidance and dietary knowledge, which was integrated into the patients’ daily life. Patients could inquire relevant dietary knowledge through smartphones, and master and improve dietary knowledge in a short time. Through the operation mode of augmented reality and the use of virtual models or action presentation, patients could more intuitively understand the nutritional composition of food, such as protein, portion size, and carbohydrates to help them establish correct nutritional knowledge concepts. The platform of this study conformed to the principles of convenience, usability, and correctness, which accelerated the cultivation of patients’ food identification and the ability to choose food. Through the intelligent platform, patients could be provided with relevant dietary recommendations, who were assisted in formulating diet management plans. The daily life quality of patients with chronic kidney disease was improved from the dietary level, delaying the deterioration of renal function, thus reducing medical costs and the burden of medical staff, and creating new service modes to improve medical quality. This study developed a system of Web Augmented Reality combined with chatbot through system process construction, response presentation, emotional connection and interaction, and functional requirements, which was applied to the interactive process of patients with chronic kidney disease. Through the intervention of health education knowledge and nutrition education, it was practically applied to daily life to achieve the service process and experience of self-health management of diet, so as to help patients maintain healthy body functions and promote healthy aging.