The Mongols hold a special place in world history. They transformed much of Eurasia, a change well reflected in shifts in the continent’s overland and sea trade routes (Beckwith, 2009; Foltz, 2009; Curtin, 1984; Milward, 2013; Christian, 2020; Radkevich, 1990; Ovchinnikova, 2008; Kramarovskii, 2017). By the mid-thirteenth century, these existing trade routes had undergone a complete transformation. With the Mongol campaigns, the extreme points of the Eurasian continent, from China to Europe and from the Eurasian steppes to the Middle East, became interconnected through various trade routes. In essence, the Mongols achieved what both the Sasanian rulers in the sixth–seventh centuries and the Arabs in the eighth–ninth centuries had attempted, but failed to fully realize (Avdaliani, 2019). Both powers endeavored to link several major trade and economic centers, but they only achieved partial success.