Intraoperative Liver Ultrasound: Technical Considerations During Robotic Surgery

Intraoperative ultrasound (US) is a required component of any liver surgery and a required competency of the modern liver surgeon. In this chapter, a conceptual framework (confirm, find, decide, guide) of intraoperative US is presented with special considerations to the robotic approach. This chapter will provide a foundation for the use of intraoperative US during robotic-assisted liver surgery, including its indications, evolution, and technical procedural steps.