Ground Load Monitoring in Weak Rock Tunneling Using VW Pressure Cells and Strain Gauges
摘要
This study aims to determine the stress and ground load in the initial tunnel lining excavated in weathered claystone. This is achieved by analyzing data from field monitoring using vibrating wire pressure cells and strain gauges. The study focuses on the construction of the Samarinda Tunnel, a 400-m-long shallow road tunnel with a cross-section of 12.8 m by 10.5 m. The tunnel is designed to accommodate two-lane one-way traffic from Alimuddin Street to Kakap Street in Samarinda City, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The monitoring results indicate that the initial lining of the tunnel is safe, and its behavior appears stable. The load exerted on the lining varies from 3.6–7.3 kPa, much lower than Terzaghi’s rock load theory suggests. By examining the constructed P-M diagram, it has been determined that the steel rib can handle the maximum stress it experiences \((\sigma_{\max } = 74.7\,{\text{MPa}})\) , , and its factor of safety (FoS = 3.1) still exceeds the required value of FoS = 1.5 for temporary support.