There are very few examples of successful use of classical or introductory biological control for the management of wood boring insects. The cryptic life histories of the juvenile stages of borers may be a critical limitation for exploitation by natural enemies. However, natural enemies of woodboring insects have developed various mechanisms to detect and parasitize concealed life stages of their hosts. Biological control efforts directed against the cerambycid Phoracantha semipunctata using the encyrtid egg parasitoid Avetianella longoi have achieved success in many parts of the world, followed by the introduction of a second strain of A. longoi, to manage P. recurva in California. The beetles lay their eggs on the outer bark surface of stressed host trees. Females of this parasitoid effectively locate the egg masses of the beetle and exploit the exposed immature life stage. In addition, braconid larval parasitoids, Syngaster lepidus and Jarra phoracantha, as well as the megalyrid, Megalyra fasciipennis, were successfully reared and established in South Africa, where they form part of the natural enemy community of P. semipunctata and P. recurva.