What Is Real? What Is Knowledge?

The philosophical assumptions which underpin the use of clinical theory in psychotherapy are tracked, with a particular emphasis on the historical developments in family therapy. The postmodern turn to language is critiqued, revealing hidden forms of realism that need to be made accountable. The overlaps between Gregory Bateson’s world view and that of Roy Bhaskar, the originator of critical realism, are discussed. Moderate versions of both realism and social constructionism are then shown to be joined in critical realism. The distinctions from a positivist understanding of science are drawn, revealing the inadequacy of empiricism and positivism for understanding open systems. Key critical realist ideas are explained.