Challenges and Opportunities in Water Diplomacy: A Middle Eastern Perspective

The Middle East, one of the most water-scarce regions globally, faces exacerbated challenges due to political instability and military conflicts, impacting public health and economic development, with over 60% of the population living under high surface water stress. Water securitization by public authorities, viewing it as both a utility and strategic resource, often leads to disputes and conflicts between nations, increasing regional instability. This article explores how water can transform from a conflict source to cooperation in the Middle East, investigating the interlinkages between water and security challenges and opportunities, particularly in the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris basins. Using a qualitative approach, it analyzes case studies, existing literature, policy reviews, and historical and current water-related conflicts and cooperation. The study also examines the water-energy nexus and the de-securitization of water. Findings suggest that scientifically informed, multi-track water diplomacy can break down conflict barriers and foster political will, enhancing transboundary water governance. Highlighting the importance of involving diverse stakeholders and flexible negotiation frameworks, the study reveals that addressing the water-energy nexus and de-securitizing water are crucial steps toward robust water diplomacy and regional stability.