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In the past chapters, we discussed radio (3 kHz–3 GHz) and microwave (3–300 GHz) frequency electromagnetic (EM) waves. In this chapter, we focus on light or optical frequency (4–8 \(\times \) 10 \({ }^{14}\) Hz). This is all the world around us: blue sky, green grass, light from the sun, etc. all the world of beautiful colors. How do we see this world? Light reflects objects and enters our eyes to form an image at the back (called retina) of the eye. Let us look at this image formation. We show how a lens can help us collect more light without hurting resolution and how it can be used to magnify images as in microscope and telescope.

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Geometric Optics

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Navin Khaneja

摘要

In the past chapters, we discussed radio (3 kHz–3 GHz) and microwave (3–300 GHz) frequency electromagnetic (EM) waves. In this chapter, we focus on light or optical frequency (4–8 \(\times \) 10 \({ }^{14}\) Hz). This is all the world around us: blue sky, green grass, light from the sun, etc. all the world of beautiful colors. How do we see this world? Light reflects objects and enters our eyes to form an image at the back (called retina) of the eye. Let us look at this image formation. We show how a lens can help us collect more light without hurting resolution and how it can be used to magnify images as in microscope and telescope.