Anaerobic digestion is a well-established bioenergy process for methane recovery from organic feedstocks. Several municipal and agricultural wastes have been investigated under optimum operating conditions in anaerobic digesters, albeit with a wide range of reported methane yields. This variation is mostly attributed to the specific organic constituents in the treated waste, particularly the lipids (L), carbohydrates (C), and proteins (P). Several papers have tested the effect of substrate composition on the performance of anaerobic digesters. This paper reviews the latest articles that evaluated the organic composition of substrates and their effect on the treatment efficiency and bio-methane recovery of anaerobic digestion. The review demonstrates the optimal LCP ratios for maximum methane yield, and discusses three kinetic models for predicting the theoretical methane production based on the elemental and organic composition. The review revealed that Buswell formula was found the best model for predicting the TMP. This is due to the consideration of all types of the waste's organics (complex and simple). Moreover, optimizing the organic composition (LCP) of the wastes is vital for maintaining the efficiency and stability of the anaerobic digestion process.