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It is very common for lakes to form within caldera collapse structures because they are closed topographic depressions that capture precipitation, streamflow, and groundwater emitted from the many picturesque waterfalls in the caldera walls. In tropical regions, such as Sumatra, annual water supply through these sources may be significant. The Lake Toba drainage basin (catchment) covers about 3700 km2, with 70 streams flowing year-round.

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Lake Toba Forms—The ‘Big Hole’ Collects Water and Sediments

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Craig A. Chesner

摘要

It is very common for lakes to form within caldera collapse structures because they are closed topographic depressions that capture precipitation, streamflow, and groundwater emitted from the many picturesque waterfalls in the caldera walls. In tropical regions, such as Sumatra, annual water supply through these sources may be significant. The Lake Toba drainage basin (catchment) covers about 3700 km2, with 70 streams flowing year-round.