Human malignancy is one of the most complex sets of diseases, representing an intersection of pathophysiology, genetics, and environmental factors, as well as immunology. Indeed, cancer represents not a single disease but a wide range of conditions with highly variable clinical courses ranging from extremely indolent to highly aggressive. The socioeconomic burden of cancer is enormous, and—despite significant advances—it will soon overtake cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in the U.S. Ophthalmic malignancies represent a unique subset of cancer, each with a unique set of considerations for etiology and treatment.