Aquaculture stands as a major contributor to global food production and is considered as an important sector in meeting the rising demand for sustainable food. Enhancing genetic traits through breeding initiatives plays a vital role in advancing the standard of aquaculture stocks. The significant value of these programmes in optimizing the utilization of limited feed and land resources is widely acknowledged and endorsed by FAO for the enactment of well-designed genetic improvement programmes. The high reproductive capacity and shorter generation gaps observed in numerous aquaculture species make them as ideal candidates for extensive selection programmes. The remarkable reproductive capability enables a robust selection intensity and numerous traits crucial in aquaculture exhibit substantial levels of additive genetic variation. Additionally, the separate harvesting of eggs and milt, coupled with external fertilization in the majority of candidate species, provides flexibility in designing various breeding strategies. This chapter explores the recent advances in fish breeding technologies as a means to enhance fish production emphasizing on genetic improvement through methods like genomic selection, marker-assisted selection and transgenesis. Future trends and innovations in fish breeding technology are also discussed which offer insights into the dynamic landscape of this evolving field.