Emerging environmental pollutants known as microplastics (MPs) are categorized as primary or secondary depending on their origin. Among other traits, composition, shape, size, and color are linked to their risks and ability to enter the food chain. Although MPs’ environmental effects have drawn much attention, the risks humans face from eating them have yet to be evaluated. Recent studies conducted worldwide have documented the presence of microplastics in seafood and food items. Therefore, it is inevitable that humans will come into contact with microplastics when they consume tainted food, which puts their health and food security at risk. This study includes a definition of microplastics and related xenobiotics, an overview of global evidence of microplastic pollution in seafood, and an analysis of the effects on food and commercial marine species. The definition of microplastics and related xenobiotics, a review of worldwide evidence of microplastic pollution in seafood, a discussion of the effects on commercial marine species and food security, and an assessment of our understanding regarding its direct effects on human health are all included. Furthermore, inadequate data on food security and gaps in scientific knowledge are observed. Further research is necessary to fully understand the implications of microplastics over food security and human health, even though their effects on marine organisms and the marine environment have been well-documented. Monitoring and removing microplastics from the food supply chain and figuring out how much microplastic pollution affects food security are the main goals of future research.