The built environment is man-made, surrounded by buildings and infrastructural systems. The climate changes and rapid urbanization challenge to maintain sustainable Urban Agriculture (UA) and food security in the built environment. This study aims to discuss the impact of climate change on humans, the built environment, agriculture and food security in urban areas. It also discusses adaptation and mitigation strategies particularly UA, that minimize those impacts and ensure food security for the growing population. The relevant peer-reviewed publications during the past two decades were evaluated and summarized for the study. UA supports the sustainability of built environments as it contributes to food security, livelihood improvement, reduced air pollution, resource conservation, and urban beautification. It is an effective strategy to mitigate climate change impacts. Vertical Farming (VF) is the most suitable and beneficial UA technique, capable of withstanding climate changes, thus ensuring food security. VF systems contribute to human nutrition in the built environment as leafy vegetables are the most commonly grown crop. Furthermore, as an innovative concept, a room/area can be developed in buildings to store hydroponically grown leafy plants with a self-reliant facility while artificially controlling temperature, relative humidity, and light, particularly affixing light-emitting diodes to control spectral composition.