Perspective of Mitochondrial Reproductive Medicine

Mitochondria are important organelles necessary for the proper function of somatic and reproductive cells. Their function slightly differs in individual gametes. They are not only responsible for energy production but also in the maturation and fertilization process. Fertilization and early embryonic development are very complex processes that depend on the correct function of mitochondria, so their damage can cause several forms of infertility. Spermatozoa have reduced cytoplasm and a limited amount of antioxidant systems, therefore they have a minimal ability to defend themselves against free radicals. This can lead to damage to their membranes or DNA. Oocytes are the largest cells in the human body and represent the only source of mitochondria for the developing embryo. Oocytes have been formed before birth and often remain viable for several decades. In addition, they have complicated and energy-intensive maturation processes. Therefore, mitochondrial disorders can lead to their failure in their function, which contributes to female infertility. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a key factor contributing to infertility in older women. Antioxidant therapy is a simple way to increase gamete quality. However, it is essential to choose the right therapy necessary for the individual needs of each patient.