Mitochondrial Immunology

Mitochondria are subcellular organelles involved in many metabolic events, including oxidative phosphorylation and signaling in tissue-specific processes. They play a key role in cell proliferation, differentiation and death. In recent years, data documenting the role of mitochondria in both innate and acquired immunity has been increasing. They mediate immune function at several levels. First, immune cell activation is an energy-intensive process dependent on mitochondrial energy supply. Second, mitochondria play a role in cell signaling pathways associated with the immune response. Third, while the production of free radicals during phagocytosis is primarily the result of the action of NADPH oxidase1 (NOX1), free radicals, as reactive oxygen species produced directly by mitochondria, can contribute to the destruction of invading microorganisms. Diseases in the pathogenesis of which mitochondrial oxidative stress and immunity play a significant role include cancer, cardiovascular, nervous and rheumatic diseases as well as liver, lung and kidney diseases. In addition, mitochondria participate in the pathogenesis of infections and autoimmunity. Mitochondrial dysfunction can be positively influenced by administration of antioxidants, including coenzyme Q10.