The majority of supergene mineral deposits discussed in this volume are the product of intense weathering in humid tropical environments, mostly having formed in a regolith 30- > 200 thick over long time periods on stable continental landmasses. Deposits such as bauxite, Ni laterite and kaolinite in near-equatorial regions are currently forming under humid savanna to rainforest climatic conditions that have changed little throughout the Cenozoic or even earlier. They have mostly been modified by tectonic events during this period, which have affected drainage characteristics and, in turn, the nature and rate of weathering, in places upgrading the supergene resource. Conversely, in regions such as the Caribbean and SE Asia-western Oceania, high rates of tectonic activity may also result in partial or even total destruction of the deposit. Similar supergene deposits in higher latitudes have had a more complex formation history, evolving as climates have changed to dry savanna, Mediterranean, temperate or near-polar. These changes, in places also coupled with tectonic activity, have induced chemical reactions that may upgrade the deposit and/or modify its mineralogy. This chapter reviews the processes of deep weathering and the formation of intensely weathered and lateritic regoliths and their evolution due to climatic and tectonic change. These processes are discussed in terms of the formation and distribution of supergene deposits, and the landscapes in which they occur, in different regions of the world.