Neuronal Regulation of Thermogenesis and Energy Expenditure in Metabolic Syndrome

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) encompasses a range of metabolic abnormalities, such as hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemiaDyslipidemia, which elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease. Recognizing the significance of thermogenesisThermogenesis and energy expenditure in metabolic well-being is imperative. This review explores the central nervous system’s regulation of these processes. Neuronal regulation of thermogenesisThermogenesis engages brain regions such as the hypothalamus, brainstemParaventricular nucleus of the hypothalamusbrainstem, and higher cortical areasNeuronal regulation of thermogenesis and energy expenditure in metabolic syndromehigher cortical areas, orchestrating brown adipose tissueAdipose tissuebrown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipocyte activity through intricate neural networks and signaling pathwaysSignaling pathways, with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides playing key roles. Moreover, the central nervous system primarily governs energy expenditure via sympathetic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system activity, with specific brain regions like the hypothalamus and brainstemParaventricular nucleus of the hypothalamusbrainstem nuclei overseeing this process. Dysregulated neuronal signaling contributes to MetS development, influenced by factors like inflammation, insulin resistance, and leptinLeptin resistance, which affect the central control of thermogenesisThermogenesis and energy expenditure. Evidence establishes a connection between dysfunctional neural circuits and conditions like obesity and insulin resistance. Current therapeutic approaches targeting neuronal regulation for MetS treatment involve pharmacological interventions and neuromodulation techniques. Future research avenues should concentrate on identifying novel neural targets and tailoring interventions to individual needs. Understanding neural mechanisms is pivotal for devising effective therapeutic interventions for MetS.