In this study, the tribological characteristics of composites based on polyethersulfonePolyethersulfone (PES) simultaneously loaded with 20 wt.% chopped carbon fibersChopped carbon fibers (CCFs) 2 mm long and 1 wt.% various nanofillersNanofillers were investigated by testing against a ceramic counterpart in linear contactLinear contact. The goal was to improve their wear resistanceWear resistance by forming and adhering a tribological layerTribological layer filled with nanoparticlesNanoparticles on a wear trackWear track surface. When loading PES with CCFs, the elastic modulus and the tensile strength increased by 3.5 times and 25%, respectively, while elongation at break decreased down to 25 times. Additional loading with the nanofillers enhanced the elastic modulus by 1.5–2.2 times and the tensile strength by 10–30. The average coefficients of frictionCoefficient of friction (CoFs) were ~0.13 which was obviously associated with the minimal development of tribo-oxidative processes between the reactive PES-based composites and the counterpart. The revealed decrease in the CoF levels down to ~0.1–0.2 indicated the formation of tribological layers, accompanied by the multiple decreases in wear ratesWear rates (WRs). In particular, loading PES with CCFs reduced the WR value by 6.5 times compared to that of neat PES, while the simultaneous addition of nanoparticles further reduced the WR values by 1.4–4.7 times. The composites with halloysite nanotubes, SiO2, and SiC nanoparticles showed the best tribological performance, so they were recommended for practical applications.