Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the capability of a computer to perform cognitive tasks that are typically associated with human intelligence such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. Due to the success of machine learning, especially foundation models (e.g. , ChatGPT), the field of AI is currently experiencing rapid growth and has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives, from health care to finance, criminal justice to education. With the increasing deployment of AI systems in these fields, ensuring their ability to generalize to new, unseen data has become crucial for optimal performance and practical utility in real-world applications. Furthermore, it is crucial that the decisions made by these systems are transparent and explainable for greater accountability and trustworthiness.