During the early to mid-nineteenth century, Australian colonies received not only convicts tried and convicted in Britain and Ireland but also people from other corners of the world. Britain’s colonisation of large swathes of the Global South led to the migration of millions of peoples, many of whom ended up in the Australian colonies as free migrants, and tens of thousands as prisoners of the Empire. Using the World Heritage Listed CON-16 dataset that contains the personal records of people transported to Van Diemen’s Land (VDL) from within the Australian colonies and from other British colonies until 1853, this chapter will examine the histories of people from the Global South who were working as sailors, tradesmen, servants and more and who ended up transported to VDL after being locally convicted within the Australian colonies for a crime. It will also interrogate the legal machinations that occurred to facilitate at least the appearance of fair trials. Contrary to popular belief, it was not only white, Anglo-Celtic individuals who were incorporated into the convict system in Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania). Indigenous Australian peoples and non-white peoples who had arrived free in the colonies from other parts of the world joined convicts of many different ethnicities who had been transported to the penal colony from diverse locations across the British Empire. Interrogating their lives challenges both the white colonist/Indigenous and convict/Indigenous binaries.