Eurocentric perspectives have long dominated criminology and the sociology of punishment, often overlooking the profound influence of colonization on penal systems worldwide. This chapter addresses this gap by proposing a post-colonial framework that re-evaluates the determinants of punishment, challenging traditional narratives and exposing the complexities of power dynamics in colonial societies. Building on David Garland’s Punishment and Modern Society (1990), this study critically examines how the theories of Durkheim, Marxist scholars, Foucault, Weber, and Elias can be reinterpreted through a post-colonial lens. It explores how punishment has historically functioned not only as a means of social regulation but also as a tool for justifying and maintaining colonial hierarchies of race, class, and gender. By expanding Garland’s concept of the over-determination of punishment, this research highlights colonization and colonialism as fundamental factors shaping penal theory and practice. A comparative analysis of classical sociological theories alongside post-colonial critiques reveals the enduring legacies of colonial punishment and their impact on contemporary justice systems. Advocating for a decolonial sociology of punishment, this study challenges hegemonic narratives of progress and modernity, calling for transformative approaches that centre the experiences of formerly colonized peoples. Ultimately, it argues that dismantling colonial legacies in punishment requires a radical shift away from Eurocentric paradigms towards more inclusive and historically grounded perspectives.