This chapter analyzes the prosecution and punishment of state crimes during Argentina’s last military dictatorship (1976–1983), with a special emphasis on the transitional justice process. Using a sociological approach to punishment and Southern criminology concerns, the chapter examines the dynamics between authoritarianism and democracy, the judicial strategies adopted to prosecute state crimes, and the political and institutional tensions in pursuing prosecutions over the years. It explores social representations of the crimes, victims, and trials, as well as comparisons between state and common crimes, both in their nature and consequences. The chapter also investigates possible justifications for punishment for past and present crimes, differences in the treatment of victims depending on the type of crime, and the role of collective memory in public trials. Overall, the chapter seeks to understand how a democratic society confronts atrocious crimes from its authoritarian past and constructs narratives of justice based on punishment, reparation, and truth.