The current chapter delves into the intricate relationship between agriculture and climate change, highlighting the multifaceted impacts of environmental factors on agricultural activities worldwide. It emphasizes the critical role of adaptation strategies in ensuring food security and agricultural sustainability in the face of climate variability. Focusing on Egyptian agriculture as a case study, the chapter explores the vulnerability of agricultural systems to climate-related risks such as drought, temperature variations, and rising sea levels. It introduces the concept of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) as an integrated approach to managing agricultural activities efficiently, focusing on increasing productivity, enhancing resilience, and reducing emissions. Through a combination of research findings and innovative practices, the chapter underscores the importance of sustainable water resource management, biological improvement of crops, and technological innovation in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture. The chapter provides valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for adapting agriculture to a changing climate landscape, with implications for global food security and rural livelihoods.