Primary Immunodeficiencies: Upper Respiratory Tract Consequences

Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) are a group of disorders that result from the impairment of an element of the immune system. Susceptibility to infection is the most pronounced feature, but patients may also suffer from allergies, inflammation, autoimmunity, and malignancies. Although infectious phenotypes are fairly well known, milder defects can be easily overlooked and lead to delayed diagnosis. Raising awareness among different disciplines would allow patients to be diagnosed earlier and thus receive the necessary and required treatment before severe organ damage occurs. In this context, we aimed to present the involvement of the upper respiratory tract, starting from infectious phenotypes to less known manifestations such as adenoid hypertrophy and allergies.