Understanding the Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Brain Tumor Pathogenesis

Despite their rarity, central nervous system (CNS)Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors are a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, particularly in young adults and children, where they account for approximately 30% and 20% of cancer deaths, respectively. Historically, brain tumors have been treated with surgery, chemotherapy, systemic therapies, and whole-brain radiotherapy. However, these treatment methods have their limitations. In more recent years, the theory of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has emerged as a potential key to understanding their treatment resistance and aggressive behaviour. The exploration of CSCs in brain tumors is considered a pivotal topic of research with profound implications. This chapter explores the current understanding of CSCs in brain tumors. It examines their identification methods, properties like self-renewal and differentiation, and their role in tumor initiation and recurrence. The chapter discusses ongoing research on targeting CSCs for improved brain tumor therapy. It analyzes both direct elimination strategies and differentiation therapy approaches. Finally, the chapter explores the challenges and future directions in this promising area of brain cancer research.