Raniganj coalfield area has a complex land use land cover degradation scenario due to opencast mining and associated development activities since 1960. Therefore, it is urgent to identify land use dynamics and landscape patterns in order to sustain environmental health and local indigenous inhabitants. This chapter uses land use land cover transformation technique, landscape fragmentation analysis and environmental impacts assessment to identify the degradation scenario of land use land cover due to anthropogenic deeds in the past 50 years. The results denote that there is a significant decrease in the area of forest (19.05% to 14.12%), agricultural land (39.83% to 31.96%), river (2.58% to 0.62%) and water body (0.49% to 0.47%) from 1992 to 2015; much of these landscapes are transformed into fallow land (20.60–29.68%), excavated land (6.90–8.88%) and urban area (2.48–6.18%). On average 30% forest is converted for other land use within only 10 years in Sonepur Bazari, Satgram, Sripur and Khottadih area. Class-level and landscape-level fragmentations of different landscapes are measured using ArcGIS and fragstats software. Patch density of forest (38.236 to 17.259) and water bodies (6.526 to 0.980) has significantly decreased since 1973 to 2015. However, urban area witnessed an acute increment of mean patch size from 1.65 to 2.45 hectare around the city area bordering Asansol, Durgapur, Barakar, Kulti and Raniganj. Total edge of fallow land (9,988,999.8–127,774,115.2 hectare) and excavated land (3,566,547.8–4,915,028.1 hectare) has also significantly increased. The increase in the Shannon diversity index (1.45–1.61) and Shannon evenness index (0.60–0.67) indicates that the overall landscape became heterogeneous and scattered. To find out the environmental cost in this area, spatial and temporal variations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), respirable particulate matter (RPM), daily noise of air and land degradation are measured on a regular basis. It is found that SPM is 124.9 μgm3, which is higher than the normal; simultaneously human-made difference in elevation is maximally 154.6 m in the study area. Furthermore, the results of hedonic pricing method indicate that the cost of environmental degradation is 295.49 crore rupees, which is hidden by the mining authority.